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4．语言表达多样化

英语的句子结构变化比较多，但我们在写作时受汉语的影响很深，写出的句子常常很呆板，缺乏变化。我们在加工时，就要有意的想：某几个简单句能加工成一个复合句或者复杂句；我们的每一个句子的主语是否都是人（从头到尾都是he或we），是否可以用一个抽象名词或者-ing结构来充当其中某些句子的主语，以此构成主语的变化。在一个意群中，是否每个句子的谓语动词都是简单的一个动词；能否把其中的某一个或几个改成词组；能否构成一个又一个“短句+长句+短句的意群组合。对于每一个表述，都可以想一下，这种表述是否太中文化，英语是否有更简单的表达。试比较以下句子：
a. The manager said a lot at the meeting .It was very attractive.

What the manager said a lot at the meeting was very attractive.

b. They were knocked off their bikes .One’s left arm was hurt and the other’s leg was hurt too.

1)  One’s left arm was broken while   the other’s leg was hurt too.

2)  One had his left arm broken while the other got his leg hurt in the leg. /the other with one leg  hurt .

3)  They were knocked off their bikes, one with the left arm broken, and the other with one leg  hurt .

c. If we don’t obey traffic rules, we might die.

1)  If we go against traffic rules, we might lose our lives.

2)  If we go against traffic rules, we might end up in hospital.

3)  Going against traffic rules might cost us our lives.

4)  Don’t risk our lives going against traffic rules.

d. He didn’t get up until 7 o’clock.

1)  It was not until 7 o’clock that he got up.

2)  Not until 7 o’clock did he get up.

从以上示例可以看出再写作中，如果简单句过多，我们可以用并列句，复合句，非谓语动词，强调句型，倒装句等来替换，以提高句子的档次。

5． 恰当使用关联词

在写作的过程中，以下关联词的应用非常关键。比如，表顺序的first ,second ,then ,finally ,immediately ,表并列的and、 表补充的besides ,as well as ,in addition to , when ,表递进的not only …but also furthermore, what’s worse  what’s more ,表转折的but ，however,表对比的while ,on the contrary ,on the other hand , 表选择的either …or…,whether…or…,otherwise ;表因果的because of ,thanks to ,due to， owing to ,as a result of 等。有了这些词的连接，就会使文章变得语句通顺，层次清楚，有声有色，考生勿需很多的复合句，也能让评卷人感到你的水
平不同一般。

如何通过使用连接词、 句子结构及词汇使一个平淡的文章变得丰富起来，可以让学生比较下面三个段落。

I opened the door .I went into the room .I walked to the window .I opened the window .I looked out .There are many old women doing morning exercises Iwatched them for some time .

这是一个干巴巴的段落，下面加一些连接词及语法结构后就有很大改观。

After I opened the door ,I went into the room .It was dark inside the room ,so I walked toward the window and opened it .I saw many old women who were doing morning exercises
and watched them for some time .

同样一件事，下面再加些改动会更精彩。

After I opened the door , I went into the room .It was dark inside the room ,so I walked toward a window to let in some light . .I saw many old women doing morning exercises. I
stood at the window ,  watching them for some time .

从以上我们可以看出，要使文章写得连贯、流畅，就要准确恰当地使用表示时间先后，时间顺序等方面的连接词，以及运用丰富的词汇和得当的句子结构，这些丰富的词汇和得当的句子结构可以给文章
增色不少，从而使整篇文章生辉。

6．  写好开头和结尾

“良好的开端是成功的一半“，好的作文开头能吸引读者，高考中也会给判卷老师留下好的第一印象。如果结尾处有点睛之笔，就会是整篇文章得以升华，大大提高文章的档次。再平时要多积累背诵一些好的常用开头语和结尾语。例如：

好开头：

With the development of agriculture and industry /population …

With the rapid growth of economy …

As proverb says …

It is quite clear /obvious that …

How are you getting on with …

好结尾：

In a word/All in all/In short …

From the above we can draw a conclusion that …

It goes without saying that …

Let’s keep in touch with each other.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

以上是笔者在教学实践总结的一套培养学生写作水平的训练流程，对学生写作水平的提高很有帮助。但写作水平的提高不是一蹴而就的，它需要平时多读多练、多种方法结合，需要教师和学生共同努力，是一个循序渐进的过程。

中国高校之窗